End Notes
Putting it in Perspective

[1] Gina Kolata, “A Widely Used Arthritis Drug Is Withdrawn,” The New York Times, October 1, 2004, http://0-web.lexis-nexis.com.libra.nazlib.org.

[2] Sara Beardsley, “Avoiding Another Vioxx,” Scientific America, 292 (Feb 2005) 16, http://0-web17.epnet.com.libra.nazlib.org.

[3] Gina Kolata, “A Widely Used…”.

[4] NIHCM Foundation, “Prescription Drugs and Mass Media Advertising: 1999-2000,” NIHCM DTC Report, 7, www.nihcm.org/DTCbrief2001.pdf.

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DTCA History

[1] Francis B. Palumbo, C. Daniel Mullins, “The Development of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Regulation,” Food and Drug Law Journal, 57 (November 3, 2002), 425, http://www.kff.org/rxdrugs/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=14372

[2] Ibid, 426.

[3] Ibid, 426.

[4] Ibid, 424.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.

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DTCA Evolves

[1] http://www.ethicad.org/pharma/dtc/ads.html

[2] United States Department of Health and Human Services, Food And Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Compliance, “Draft Guidance for Industry and FDA: Consumer-Directed Broadcast Advertising of Restricted Devices,” (1997), 3, http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/comp/guidance/1513.pdf.

[3] Ibid.

[4] NIHCM Foundation, 3.

[5] Tamar Nordenberg, “Direct to You: TV Drug Ads That Make Sense,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration,  1998, 1, http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1998/198_ads.html.

[6] Ibid.

[7] United States Department of Health and Human Services, Food And Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Compliance, “Draft Guidance for Industry and FDA: Consumer-Directed Broadcast Advertising of Restricted Devices,” (1997), 2, http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/comp/guidance/1513.pdf.

[8] Ibid, 3.

[9] Francis B. Palumbo, C. Daniel Mullins, “The Development of Direct-to-Consumer...", 431

[10] Ibid, 429.

[11] Ibid.

[12] Tamar Nordenberg, "Direct to you...", 5.

[13] Francis B. Palumbo, C. Daniel Mullins, “The Development of Direct-to-Consumer...",430.

[14] Amy Tsao, "Viagra: A Drug Ad Too Far?," Business Week Online, (November 17, 2004), 2, http://0-web17.epnet.com.libra.nazlib.org.

[15] Larry D. Sasich, Parm.D., M.P.H. “Comments on Food and Drug Administration’s Draft Guidance for Industry on Direct to Consumer Advertising,” Public Citizen (October 1997), 4, http://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=6626. 

[16] United States General Accounting Office, "FDA Oversight of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising has Limitations," (2002), 6 http://www.gao.gov/atext/d03177.txt

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DTCA Today

[1] NIHCM Foundation…12

[2] Francis B. Palumbo, C. Daniel Mullins, “The Development of Direct-to-Consumer...", 424.

[3] Ibid, 423.

[4] Barbara Mintzes, and others, “How Does DTCA affect Prescribing? A Survey in Primary Care Environments with and without Legal DTCA,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 169 (Septmeber 2003) 1-2, http://0-web17.epnet.com.libra.nazlib.org.

[5] Ibid, 2.

[6] Martin S. Lipsky, Christine A. Taylor, “The opinions and experiences of family physicians regarding direct-to-consumer advertising,” Journal of Family Practice, v45 n6, (1997), 495.

[7] Ibid, 500.

[8] Tamar V. Terzian, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising," American Journal of Law and Medicine, 25 (1999), 5,http://0-web17.epnet.com.libra.nazlib.org.

[9] Janice Rosenberg, “Patient Orders: When Patients Ask for Specific Drugs,” American Medical News (March 2001), 1, http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2001/03/19/hlsa0319.htm.

[10] Ibid.

[11]Victoria Stagg Elliot, “FDA Survey Puts Positive Spin on Direct-to-Consumer Ads,” Amednews.com (Feb 2003), 2, http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2003/02/03/hlsb0203.htm.

[12] NIHCM Foundation, 13.

[13]  Kathryn Aikin, “The Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising on the Physician Patient Relationship," FDA, 2003, http://www.fda.gov/cder/ddmac/aikin.

[14] Victoria Stagg Elliot, “FDA Survey Puts Positive Spin on Direct-to-Consumer Ads,”2.

[15] Ibid.

[16] Larry D. Sasich, Parm.D., M.P.H. “Comments on Food and Drug Administration’s Draft Guidance for Industry on Direct to Consumer Advertising,” Public Citizen (October 1997), 2, http://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=6626. 

[17] Francis B. Palumbo, C. Daniel Mullins, “The Development of Direct-to-Consumer...",440.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Ibid.

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Potential Solutions

[1] See Mintzes, Lipsky, Sasich.

[2] Tamar Nordenberg, “Direct to You: TV Drug Ads That Make Sense...”,2.

[3] Michael S. Shaw, "The DTC Dilemma," Ethicad, 5, http://www/ethicad/org/dilemma.pdf.

[4]  Francis B. Palumbo, C. Daniel Mullins, “The Development of Direct-to-Consumer...",424.

[5] United States Department of Health and Human Services, Food And Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Compliance, “Draft Guidance for Industry and FDA: Consumer-Directed Broadcast Advertising of Restricted Devices,” (1997), 3, http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/comp/guidance/1513.pdf.

[6] United States General Accounting Office, “Prescription Drugs: Little is Known About the Effects of Direct-to Consumer Advertising,” (1991), 14, http://161.203.16.4/d19t9/144561.pdf.

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Cost/Benefit

[1] "Draft Guidance...",2.

[2] NIHCM Foundation, "Prescription Drugs and Mass...",2.

[3] U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Finance, FDA Merck and Vioxx: Putting Patient Safety First?, November 18, 2004, http://finance.senate.gov.

[4] Francis B. Palumbo, C. Daniel Mullins, “The Development of Direct-to-Consumer...", 435.

[5] Martin S. Lipsky, Christine A. Taylor, “The opinions and experiences...", 3.

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Bibliography